Julia Tutorial

● Julia

✦Tutorial intro

✦Overview

✦Why Julia?

✦Features

✦Environment Setup

● Julia Basics

✦Basic syntax

✦Hello World

✦Variables

✦Allowed Variable Names

✦Assignment expressions

✦Comments

✦script mode

✦Basic Variable Types

✦Numerical Variables

✦Boolean Variables

✦Integers

✦Floating-Point Numbers

✦Complex Numbers

✦Rational Numbers

✦Numeric Literal Coefficients

✦Literal zero and one

● Julia Operators

✦Arithmetic

✦Boolean

✦Bitwise

✦Updating

✦Vectorized "dot"

✦Numeric Comparisons

✦Numerical Conversions

✦Operator Precedence & Associativity

✦String Operations

● Julia Control flow

✦if else

✦if elseif

✦Nested

✦Simple For Loop

✦Nested For Loops

✦while Loop

✦do

✦Break and Continue Statement

● Julia Functions

✦Functions overview

✦Defining a function

✦One-line functions

✦Function Calls

✦Call by reference

✦call by value

✦Parameters and Arguments

✦Functions with optional and keyword arguments

✦Functions with multiple return

✦Anonymous functions

✦Fruitful Functions and Void Functions

✦Return value

✦Functions as objects

✦Broadcast

● Julia Arrays

✦Arrays overview

✦Arrays and Matrices

✦Direct Input

✦Array Comprehensions

✦Undefined (undef) Arrays

✦Empty Arrays

✦Initializing Special Kind of Arrays

✦Traversing an Array

✦Array Indexing and Slicing

✦Getting the First and Last Elements of an Array

✦Array slicing

✦Logical Indexing

✦Iterating over an Array

✦Array Operations

✦Matrix multiplication

✦Element-wise multiplication

✦Array Dot Operator

✦Backslash operator

✦Map, Filter and Reduce

✦Deleting & Inserting Elements

✦Resizing 1D Arrays with Push and Pop

✦Multi-Dimensional Array Concatenation

✦Using hcat, vcat, and cat

✦Concatenating 2D Matrices

✦Concatenating Vectors

● Julia Strings

✦Strings overview

✦Characters

✦length

✦Traversal

✦String Concatenation

✦String Slices

✦Immutable strings

✦String Interpolation

✦Searching

✦Looping string

✦The ∈ Operator

✦String Comparison

✦substring

✦Common String Operations

✦Core.AbstractString

✦Core.AbstractChar

✦Core.Char

✦Base.codepoint

✦Base.length(::AbstractString)

✦Base.sizeof(::AbstractString)

✦Base.:*(::Union{AbstractChar, AbstractString}, ::Union{AbstractChar, AbstractString}...)

✦Base.:^(::Union{AbstractString, AbstractChar}, ::Integer)

✦Base.string

✦Base.repeat(::AbstractString, ::Integer)

✦Base.repeat(::AbstractChar, ::Integer)

✦Base.repr(::Any)

✦Core.String(::AbstractString)

✦Base.SubString

✦Base.LazyString

✦Base.@lazy_str

✦Base.transcode

✦Base.unsafe_string

✦Base.ncodeunits(::AbstractString)

✦Base.codeunit

✦Base.codeunits

✦Base.ascii

✦Base.Regex

✦Base.@r_str

✦Base.SubstitutionString

✦Base.@s_str

✦Base.@raw_str

✦Base.@b_str

✦Base.Docs.@html_str

✦Base.Docs.@text_str

✦Base.isvalid(::Any)

✦Base.isvalid(::Any, ::Any)

✦Base.isvalid(::AbstractString, ::Integer)

✦Base.match

✦Base.eachmatch

✦Base.RegexMatch

✦Base.keys(::RegexMatch)

✦Base.isless(::AbstractString, ::AbstractString)

✦Base.:(==)(::AbstractString, ::AbstractString)

✦Base.cmp(::AbstractString, ::AbstractString)

✦Base.lpad

✦Base.rpad

✦Base.ltruncate

✦Base.rtruncate

✦Base.ctruncate

✦Base.findfirst(::AbstractString, ::AbstractString)

✦Base.findnext(::AbstractString, ::AbstractString, ::Integer)

✦Base.findnext(::AbstractChar, ::AbstractString, ::Integer)

✦Base.findlast(::AbstractString, ::AbstractString)

✦Base.findlast(::AbstractChar, ::AbstractString)

✦Base.findprev(::AbstractString, ::AbstractString, ::Integer)

✦Base.occursin

✦Base.reverse(::Union{String,SubString{String}})

✦Base.replace(::IO, s::AbstractString, ::Pair...)

✦Base.eachsplit

✦Base.eachrsplit

✦Base.split

✦Base.rsplit

✦Base.strip

✦Base.lstrip

✦Base.rstrip

✦Base.startswith

✦Base.endswith

✦Base.contains

✦Base.first(::AbstractString, ::Integer)

✦Base.last(::AbstractString, ::Integer)

✦Base.uppercase

✦Base.lowercase

✦Base.titlecase

✦Base.uppercasefirst

✦Base.lowercasefirst

✦Base.join

✦Base.chop

✦Base.chopprefix

✦Base.chopsuffix

✦Base.chomp

✦Base.thisind

✦Base.nextind(::AbstractString, ::Integer, ::Integer)

✦Base.prevind(::AbstractString, ::Integer, ::Integer)

✦Base.textwidth

✦Base.isascii

✦Base.iscntrl

✦Base.isdigit

✦Base.isletter

✦Base.islowercase

✦Base.isnumeric

✦Base.isprint

✦Base.ispunct

✦Base.isspace

✦Base.isuppercase

✦Base.isxdigit

✦Base.escape_string

✦Base.escape_raw_string

✦Base.unescape_string

● Julia Tuples

✦Tuples overview

✦Definition

✦Immutability

✦Initializing Tuples

✦Empty and Single-element tuples

✦Tuple Assignment

✦Tuples as Return Values

✦Destructuring Tuples

✦Unpacking tuple elements into individual variables

✦Arrays and Tuples

✦Converting tuples to arrays

✦Converting arrays to tuples

✦Dictionaries and Tuples

✦Using tuples as dictionary keys

✦Converting Dictionaries key value pairs to tuples

✦Sequences of Sequences

✦Tuples containing other tuples, arrays, or other collections

✦Named Tuples

✦What are Named Tuples?

✦Tuples with named fields

✦Creating Named Tuples

✦Using the syntax

✦Accessing Named Tuple Fields

✦Using dot notation

✦Destructuring Named Tuples

✦Unpacking named tuple fields into variables

✦Merging Named Tuples

✦Keys and values

✦retrieving the keys and values from a named tuple

✦Tuple Comprehensions (Limited)

● Julia Dictionaries

✦Overview

✦Creating a Dictionary

✦Accessing Elements of a Dictionary

✦Modifying a Dictionary

✦Looping Dictionaries

✦Reverse Lookup

✦key value

✦accessing key value

✦sorting

● Julia Struct

✦Overview

✦Defining Structs

✦Basic struct declaration

✦Understanding fields and types

✦Struct Immutability

✦Mutable Structs

✦Using the mutable struct keyword

✦modifying fields of mutable structs

✦Instances as Arguments and Return Values

✦Passing struct instances to functions

✦Returning struct instances from functions

✦Copying Structs

✦@kwdef Macro

✦Default field values

✦Keyword-based constructors

✦Destructuring Structs

✦Structs and Functions

● Julia Multi-Threading

✦Overview

✦Starting Julia with multiple threads

✦Threadpools

✦The @threads Macro

✦Communication and data-races between threads

✦Side effects and mutable function arguments

✦@threadcall

✦Caveats

✦Task Migration

✦Safe use of Finalizers

● Julia Error Handling

✦Overview

✦Syntax Errors

✦Runtime Errors

✦Semantic Errors

● Julia Plotting

✦statplots.jl

✦histogram/histogram2d

✦groupedhist

✦boxplot

✦dotplot

✦violin

✦marginalhist

✦corrplot/cornerplot

✦andrewsplot

✦errorline-ribbon

✦errorline-stick

✦errorline-plume

✦MDS plot

✦qq-plot

✦Dashed line plots

✦dotted line plots

✦Text and Font Sizes in plots

✦Legend Position

✦Multiple Subplots

✦Axis Limits and Aspect Ratios

✦Gridlines

✦Log and semilog plots

✦scatter plots

✦line plots

✦bar plots

✦staircase plots

✦histograms

✦sparsity patterns

✦density plots

● Julia Array

✦Core.AbstractArray

✦Base.AbstractVector

✦Base.AbstractMatrix

✦Base.AbstractVecOrMat

✦Core.Array

✦Core.Array(::UndefInitializer, ::Any)

✦Core.Array(::Nothing, ::Any)

✦Core.Array(::Missing, ::Any)

✦Core.UndefInitializer

✦Core.undef

✦Base.Vector

✦Base.Vector(::UndefInitializer, ::Any)

✦Base.Vector(::Nothing, ::Any)

✦Base.Vector(::Missing, ::Any)

✦Base.Matrix

✦Base.Matrix(::UndefInitializer, ::Any, ::Any)

✦Base.Matrix(::Nothing, ::Any, ::Any)

✦Base.Matrix(::Missing, ::Any, ::Any)

✦Base.VecOrMat

✦Core.DenseArray

✦Base.DenseVector

✦Base.DenseMatrix

✦Base.DenseVecOrMat

✦Base.StridedArray

✦Base.StridedVector

✦Base.StridedMatrix

✦Base.StridedVecOrMat

✦Base.GenericMemory

✦Base.Memory

✦Base.memoryref

✦Base.Slices

✦Base.RowSlices

✦Base.ColumnSlices

✦Base.getindex(::Type, ::Any...)

✦Base.zeros

✦Base.ones

✦Base.BitArray

✦Base.BitArray(::UndefInitializer, ::Integer...)

✦Base.BitArray(::Any)

✦Base.trues

✦Base.falses

✦Base.fill

✦Base.fill!

✦Base.empty

✦Base.similar

✦Base.ndims

✦Base.size

✦Base.axes(::Any)

✦Base.axes(::AbstractArray, ::Any)

✦Base.length(::AbstractArray)

✦Base.keys(::AbstractArray)

✦Base.eachindex

✦Base.IndexStyle

✦Base.IndexLinear

✦Base.IndexCartesian

✦Base.conj!

✦Base.stride

✦Base.strides

✦Base.getindex(::AbstractArray, ::Any...)

✦Base.setindex!(::AbstractArray, ::Any, ::Any...)

✦Base.nextind

✦Base.prevind

✦Base.copyto!(::AbstractArray, ::CartesianIndices, ::AbstractArray, ::CartesianIndices)

✦Base.copy!

✦Base.isassigned

✦Base.Colon

✦Base.CartesianIndex

✦Base.CartesianIndices

✦Base.Dims

✦Base.LinearIndices

✦Base.to_indices

✦Base.checkbounds

✦Base.checkindex

✦Base.elsize

✦Base.view

✦Base.@view

✦Base.@views

✦Base.parent

✦Base.parentindices

✦Base.selectdim

✦Base.reinterpret

✦Base.reshape

✦Base.insertdims

✦Base.dropdims

✦Base.vec

✦Base.SubArray

✦Base.cat

✦Base.vcat

✦Base.hcat

✦Base.hvcat

✦Base.hvncat

✦Base.stack

✦Base.vect

✦Base.circshift

✦Base.circshift!

✦Base.circcopy!

✦Base.findall(::Any)

✦Base.findall(::Function, ::Any)

✦Base.findfirst(::Any)

✦Base.findfirst(::Function, ::Any)

✦Base.findlast(::Any)

✦Base.findlast(::Function, ::Any)

✦Base.findnext(::Any, ::Integer)

✦Base.findnext(::Function, ::Any, ::Integer)

✦Base.findprev(::Any, ::Integer)

✦Base.findprev(::Function, ::Any, ::Integer)

✦Base.permutedims

✦Base.permutedims!

✦Base.PermutedDimsArray

✦Base.promote_shape

✦Base.accumulate

✦Base.accumulate!

✦Base.cumprod

✦Base.cumprod!

✦Base.cumsum

✦Base.cumsum!

✦Base.diff

✦Base.repeat

✦Base.rot180

✦Base.rotl90

✦Base.rotr90

✦Base.mapslices

✦Base.eachrow

✦Base.eachcol

✦Base.eachslice

✦Base.invperm

✦Base.isperm

✦Base.permute!(::Any, ::AbstractVector)

✦Base.invpermute!

✦Base.reverse(::AbstractVector; kwargs...)

✦Base.reverseind

✦Base.reverse!

● Julia Dictionary

✦Base.AbstractDict

✦Base.Dict

✦Base.IdDict

✦Base.WeakKeyDict

✦Base.ImmutableDict

✦Base.PersistentDict

✦Base.haskey

✦Base.get

✦Base.get!

✦Base.getkey

✦Base.delete!

✦Base.pop!(::Any, ::Any, ::Any)

✦Base.keys

✦Base.values

✦Base.pairs

✦Base.merge

✦Base.mergewith

✦Base.merge!

✦Base.mergewith!

✦Base.sizehint!

✦Base.keytype

✦Base.valtype

● Julia Math

✦Base.isapprox

✦Base.sin(::Number)

✦Base.cos(::Number)

✦Base.sincos(::Float64)

✦Base.tan(::Number)

✦Base.Math.sind

✦Base.Math.cosd

✦Base.Math.tand

✦Base.Math.sincosd

✦Base.Math.sinpi

✦Base.Math.cospi

✦Base.Math.tanpi

✦Base.Math.sincospi

✦Base.sinh(::Number)

✦Base.cosh(::Number)

✦Base.tanh(::Number)

✦Base.asin(::Number)

✦Base.acos(::Number)

✦Base.atan(::Number)

✦Base.Math.asind

✦Base.Math.acosd

✦Base.Math.atand

✦Base.Math.sec(::Number)

✦Base.Math.csc(::Number)

✦Base.Math.cot(::Number)

✦Base.Math.secd

✦Base.Math.cscd

✦Base.Math.cotd

✦Base.Math.asec(::Number)

✦Base.Math.acsc(::Number)

✦Base.Math.acot(::Number)

✦Base.Math.asecd

✦Base.Math.acscd

✦Base.Math.acotd

✦Base.Math.sech(::Number)

✦Base.Math.csch(::Number)

✦Base.Math.coth(::Number)

✦Base.asinh(::Number)

✦Base.acosh(::Number)

✦Base.atanh(::Number)

✦Base.Math.asech(::Number)

✦Base.Math.acsch(::Number)

✦Base.Math.acoth(::Number)

✦Base.Math.sinc

✦Base.Math.cosc

✦Base.Math.deg2rad

✦Base.Math.rad2deg

✦Base.Math.hypot

✦Base.log(::Number)

✦Base.log(::Number, ::Number)

✦Base.log2

✦Base.log10

✦Base.log1p

✦Base.Math.frexp

✦Base.exp(::Float64)

✦Base.exp2

✦Base.exp10

✦Base.Math.ldexp

✦Base.Math.modf

✦Base.expm1

✦Base.round

✦Base.Rounding.RoundingMode

✦Base.Rounding.RoundNearest

✦Base.Rounding.RoundNearestTiesAway

✦Base.Rounding.RoundNearestTiesUp

✦Base.Rounding.RoundToZero

✦Base.Rounding.RoundFromZero

✦Base.Rounding.RoundUp

✦Base.Rounding.RoundDown

✦Base.round(::Complex{<: AbstractFloat}, ::RoundingMode, ::RoundingMode)

✦Base.ceil

✦Base.floor

✦Base.trunc

✦Base.unsafe_trunc

✦Base.min

✦Base.max

✦Base.minmax

✦Base.Math.clamp

✦Base.Math.clamp!

✦Base.abs

✦Base.Checked

✦Base.Checked.checked_abs

✦Base.Checked.checked_neg

✦Base.Checked.checked_add

✦Base.Checked.checked_sub

✦Base.Checked.checked_mul

✦Base.Checked.checked_div

✦Base.Checked.checked_rem

✦Base.Checked.checked_fld

✦Base.Checked.checked_mod

✦Base.Checked.checked_cld

✦Base.Checked.checked_pow

✦Base.Checked.add_with_overflow

✦Base.Checked.sub_with_overflow

✦Base.Checked.mul_with_overflow

✦Base.abs2

✦Base.copysign

✦Base.sign

✦Base.signbit

✦Base.flipsign

✦Base.sqrt(::Number)

✦Base.isqrt

✦Base.Math.cbrt(::AbstractFloat)

✦Base.fourthroot(::Number)

✦Base.real

✦Base.imag

✦Base.reim

✦Base.conj

✦Base.angle

✦Base.cis

✦Base.cispi

✦Base.binomial

✦Base.factorial

✦Base.gcd

✦Base.lcm

✦Base.gcdx

✦Base.ispow2

✦Base.nextpow

✦Base.prevpow

✦Base.nextprod

✦Base.invmod

✦Base.powermod

✦Base.ndigits

✦Base.add_sum

✦Base.widemul

✦Base.Math.evalpoly

✦Base.Math.@evalpoly

✦Base.FastMath.@fastmath

● Julia Sort

✦Base.sort!

✦Base.sort

✦Base.sortperm

✦Base.InsertionSort

✦Base.MergeSort

✦Base.QuickSort

✦Base.PartialQuickSort

✦Base.Sort.sortperm!

✦Base.Sort.sortslices

● Julia Collections

✦Base.in

✦Base.:∉

✦Base.hasfastin

✦Base.eltype

✦Base.indexin

✦Base.unique

✦Base.unique!

✦Base.allunique

✦Base.allequal

✦Base.reduce(::Any, ::Any)

✦Base.reduce(::Any, ::AbstractArray)

✦Base.foldl(::Any, ::Any)

✦Base.foldr(::Any, ::Any)

✦Base.maximum

✦Base.maximum!

✦Base.minimum

✦Base.minimum!

✦Base.extrema

✦Base.extrema!

✦Base.argmax

✦Base.argmin

✦Base.findmax

✦Base.findmin

✦Base.findmax!

✦Base.findmin!

✦Base.sum

✦Base.sum!

✦Base.prod

✦Base.prod!

✦Base.any(::Any)

✦Base.any(::AbstractArray, ::Any)

✦Base.any!

✦Base.all(::Any)

✦Base.all(::AbstractArray, ::Any)

✦Base.all!

✦Base.count

✦Base.foreach

✦Base.map

✦Base.map!

✦Base.mapreduce(::Any, ::Any, ::Any)

✦Base.mapfoldl(::Any, ::Any, ::Any)

✦Base.mapfoldr(::Any, ::Any, ::Any)

✦Base.first

✦Base.last

✦Base.front

✦Base.tail

✦Base.step

✦Base.collect(::Any)

✦Base.collect(::Type, ::Any)

✦Base.filter

✦Base.filter!

✦Base.replace(::Any, ::Pair...)

✦Base.replace(::Base.Callable, ::Any)

✦Base.replace!

✦Base.rest

✦Base.split_rest

Julia Tuples → Tuples as Return Values

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